Supotaria IM/IV Injection
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Indications
In Anesthesia:
As a pre-operative antimuscarinic agent to reduce salivary, tracheobronchial and pharyngeal sections and to reduce the acidity of the gastric contents.
As a pre-operative or intra-operative antimuscarinic to attenuate or prevent intra-operative bradycardia with the use of suxamethonium or due to cardiac vagal reflexes.
To protect against the peripheral muscarinic actions of anticholinesterases such as neostigmine and pyridostigmine, used to reverse residual neuromuscular blockade produced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.
In Peptic Ulcer: For use in adults as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of a peptic ulcer when the rapid anticholinergic effect is desired or when oral medication is not tolerated.
Interaction
Many drugs have antimuscarinic effects; concomitant use of two or more of such drugs can increase side-effects such as dry mouth, urine retention and constipation. Concomitant use can also lead to confusion in the elderly. Anticholinergic agents may delay absorption of other medication given concomitantly. Concurrent administration of anticholingergics and corticosteroids may result in increased intraocular pressure. Concurrent use of anticholinergic agents with slow-dissolving tablets of digoxin may cause increased serum digoxin levels.
Ritodrine: tachycardia
Increased antimuscarinic side-effects: amantadine; tricyclic antidepressants; antihistamines; clozapine; disopyramaide; MAOIs; nefopam; pethidine; phenothiazines (increased antimuscarinic side effects of phenothiazines but reduced plasma concentrations)
Possibly increased antimuscarinic side-effects: tricyclic (related) antidepressants
Domperidone/Metoclopramide: antagonism of effect on gastro-intestinal activity
Ketoconazole: reduced absorption of ketoconazole
Levodopa: absorption of levodopa possibly reduced
Memantine: effects possibly enhanced by memantine
Nitrates: possibly reduced effect of sublingual nitrates (failure to dissolve under the tongue owing to dry mouth)
Parasympathomimetics: antagonism of effect
Contraindications
n/a
Side Effects
Side effects of antimuscarinics such as glycopyrronium bromide are basically extensions of the fundamental pharmacological action. These include constipation, transient bradycardia (followed by tachycardia, palpitations and arrhythmias), reduced bronchial secretions, urinary urgency and retention, dilatation of the pupils with loss of accommodation, photophobia, dry mouth, flushing and dryness of the skin. Side effects that occur occasionally include confusion (particularly in the elderly), nausea, vomiting and giddiness. The following reported adverse reactions are extensions of glycopyrronium bromide’s fundamental pharmacological actions:
Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, bradycardia, palpitation and arrhythmia, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrest, heart block, prolonged QTc interval.
Dermatological: Flushing and inhibition of sweating, severe allergic reactions or drug idiosyncrasies including urticaria and other dermal manifestations, pruritus, dry skin.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, taste alterations, including loss of taste.
Genitourinary: Urinary hesitancy and retention, impotence.
Ocular: Blurred vision due to mydriasis, cycloplegia, photophobia, increased ocular tension.
Nervous System: Inhibition of transmission at neuromuscular junction, headache, nervousness, drowsiness, dizziness, seizure, insomnia, some degree of mental confusion, especially in the elderly, hyperexcitability in children.
Pregnancy and perinatal: Suppression of lactation.
Respiratory System: Respiratory arrest.
General: Hyperpyrexia bloated feeling, anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction, and hypersensitivity. Injection site reactions including pruritus, oedema, erythema, pain have been reported rarely.
Dosage
Pre-anesthetic Use:
Adults: 0.2 mg to 0.4 mg intravenously or intramuscularly before the induction of anesthesia. Alternatively, a dose of 0.004 to 0.005 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.4 mg may be used. Larger doses may result in profound and prolonged antisialogogue effect, which may be unpleasant for the patient.
Children (1 month to 12 years of age): 0.004 to 0.008 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.2 mg intravenously or intramuscularly before the induction of anesthesia. Larger doses may result in profound and prolonged antisialogogue effect which may be unpleasant for the patient.
Intraoperative Use: When used to treat arrhythmias associated with traction reflexes, the usual attempts should be made to determine the aetiology of the arrhythmia and the surgical or anesthetic manipulations necessary to correct parasympathetic imbalance should be performed.
Adults: In those situations where intraoperative use is indicated, a single dose of 0.2 to 0.4 mg (or 0.004 to 0.005 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.4 mg) by intravenous injection should be used. This dose may be repeated if necessary.
Children (1 month to 12 years of age): In those situations where intraoperative use is indicated, a single dose of 0.004 to 0.008 mg/kg or up to a maximum of 0.2 mg by intravenous injection should be used. This dose may be repeated if necessary.
Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade:
Adults: 0.2 mg intravenously per 1 mg neostigmine or the equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Alternatively, a dose of 0.01-0.015 mg intravenously with 0.05 mg/kg neostigmine or equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Glycopyrronium may be administered simultaneously from the same syringe with the anticholinesterase; greater cardiovascular stability results from this method of administration.
Children (1 month to 12 years of age): 0.01 mg/kg intravenously with 0.05 mg/kg neostigmine or the equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Glycopyrronium may be administered simultaneously from the same syringe with the anticholinesterase; greater cardiovascular stability results from this method of administration.
Administration
n/a
Pregnancy Cat
Data on the use of glycopyrronium bromide in pregnant women, other than on delivery, are not forthcoming, nor is there documentation concerning excretion in breast milk. Although glycopyrronium bromide does not readily cross the placenta, the injection should only be prescribed to pregnant women when clearly necessary. Caution is advised when considering administration to a lactating mother.
Precautions
Antimuscarinics should be used with caution (due to increased risk of side effects) in Down’s syndrome, in children and in the elderly. They should also be used with caution in gastro-esophageal reflux disease, diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, conditions characterized by tachycardia (including hyperthyroidism, cardiac insufficiency, cardiac surgery) because of the increase in heart rate produced by their administration, coronary artery disease and cardiac arrhythmias, pyrexia (due to inhibition of sweating), pregnancy and breast feeding. Because of prolongation of renal elimination, repeated or large doses of glycopyrronium bromide should be avoided in patients with uremia. Large doses of quaternary anticholinergic compounds have been shown to block end plate nicotinic receptors. This should be considered before using glycopyrronium bromide in patients with myasthenia gravis. It is known that the administration of anticholinergic agents during inhalation anesthesia can result in ventricular arrhythmias.
Overdose Effects
Glycopyrronium bromide is a quaternary ammonium agent and symptoms of overdosage are peripheral rather than central in nature. Excessive peripheral anticholinergic effects may be countermanded by giving intravenously a quaternary ammonium anticholinesterase such as neostigmine methylsulphate in increments of 0.25 mg in adults. The dose may be repeated every 5-10 minutes until anticholinergic over-activity is reversed or up to a maximum of 2.5 mg. Proportionately smaller doses should be used in children.
Drug Classes
Anticholinergics (antimuscarinics)/ Anti-spasmodics
Storage Conditions
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Composition
n/a
Mode Of Action
Glycopyrronium bromide is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic with peripheral effects. It is used in anesthetic practice. Given as a premedication before general anesthesia, it diminishes the risk of vagal inhibition of the heart and reduces salivary and bronchial secretions. Intra-operatively, it may be given to reduce bradycardia and hypotension induced by drugs such as suxamethonium, halothane or propofol. Glycopyrronium bromide may be used before or with anticholinesterases such as neostigmine to prevent their muscarinic adverse effects. Antimuscarinic drugs are competitive inhibitors of the actions of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors of autonomic effector sites innervated by parasympathetic(cholinergic postganglionic) nerves, as well as being inhibitors of the action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle lacking cholinergic innervation. Peripheral antimuscarinic effects that are produced as the dose increases are: decreased production of secretions from the salivary, bronchial and sweat glands; dilatation of the pupils (mydriasis) and paralysis of accommodation (cyclopegia); increased heart rate; inhibition of micturition and reduction in gastrointestinal tone; inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Quaternary ammonium compounds are sparingly lipid soluble and do not readily pass lipid membranes such as the blood brain barrier. Central effects are negligible.
Reconstitution
n/a
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